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To save weight.

Leaving the lower part (the descent stage) behind on the moon (the lower part was used, among other things, as a stable base for the lunar lander to land on) allowed the lunar module to carry less fuel. It could carry a minimum of fuel because it didn't have to lift the lower part of the module off the moon in addition to the pressure vessel that the crew inhabited. Since the ascent stage of the lunar module was lighter from requiring less fuel, the scientists and engineers could include more important gear for the mission (for example: lunar experiments, a higher payload of rocks and regolith for the return trip, essential systems in the crew modules, etc...).

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter photographed the ascent stage of the Apollo 11, 14, 15, 16, and 17 missions in July 2009 with plans to photograph the Apollo 12 site.

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Q: Why did the lower part of the Apollo lunar module remain on the moon?
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