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The main reason is that even when the full channel bandwidth is used there is always overhead required to manage the information transfer, so some of the total bandwidth will be consumed by this overhead. So only the remaining bandwidth is potentially available for throughput.

This is true for both digital and analog communication channels.

An example of overhead present in both digital and analog telephone communication channels are "alarm" signals used to report equipment failures to assist in equipment maintenance.

Some examples of overhead in computer network channels are start bits, stop bits, parity bits, CRC codes, sync bytes, and packet headers.

Also in many situations the traffic load is low for long periods of time so in those periods much of the potentially available throughput will not be made use of.

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