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An acid value test is preformed on butter to gauge the levels of free fatty acids. Butter when fresh is in the state of being a triacylglycerol, 3 fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. When a butter ages it undergoes a process of oxidation called lipolysis. This is where the fatty acid chains split from the glycerol backbone the result of which is the formation noticeably off flavours being present in the butter. Hence the point of using old and new butter is that the old butter should have a higher acid value than the fresh butter.

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Q: Why use old and new butter in acid value test?
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