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Each manufacturer does it a bit differently. several factors might be indicated by the "size."

Tip opening - the space between the tip of the reed and the mouthpiece - is almost always indicated, usually with a number. The bigger the number the bigger the opening. 5, 6, and 7 are usually the mid-range with lower numbers indicating a more closed mouthpiece (including student pieces). Larger numbers are for big ol' things that play loud and take lots of air and lots of strength.

Facing length may be indicated, usually by letters

Chamber shape and size may also be indicated by letter, but often that is indicated by a model name

Baffle style may also be indicated but that's usually by the model name, too.

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Q: How do you determine sax mouthpiece sizes?
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