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Cable connected landlines, rely on a DC voltage (about 24vdc) when connected on line (receiver lifted).

The microphone (mouthpiece) causes this DC voltage to alter in time with the audio. The receiver is a small loudspeaker, which causes the diaphragm to vibrate as the voltage varies.

How these things are accomplished has changed over the years.

The system that Edison used, and was used up until the 1960's, used a carbon granule microphone and a metal diaphragm earpiece.

The voltage on the line was passed through the microphone, which consisted of carbon granules in a capsule. A tin diaphragm was attached to one end of the capsule. Your voice moved the diaphragm and compressed the carbon, which altered in resistance. As the resistance altered so the voltage varied on the line.

At the other end, the voltage passed through a coil, which attracted a metal diaphragm. As the diaphragm moved, it moved the air near you ear and you could hear what was being said.

It only used two wires, The earpiece and microphone were connected in series.

These days electronics are used. The microphone is an electret condenser microphone, attached to the input of an amplifier. The earpiece is a miniture loudspeaker, attached to the output of an amplifier. The voltage on the line powers the system and also has the audio superimposed on it, via coils and capacitors in the circuit.

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