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First, although you hear the term a lot in movies and popular magazines, the term "microchip" is not used a lot by engineers and chip designers, who generally use the more accurate term "integrated circuit" or "IC" for short, or more informally, just "chip". The term "chip", without the micro, is derived from the stage of IC fabrication where the finished wafer is cut into tiny IC-sized pieces with a very fine diamond saw, producing "chips" of the wafer the way a beaver might turn a tree into chips by gnawing on it.

In general, there are a number of advantages of integrated circuits over constructing the same circuits out of individual ("discrete") components. Here are a few, although by no means all of them:

1: An IC is very much smaller than constructing the same circuit out of discrete parts.

2: ICs are less expensive, sometimes very much less expensive, than a discrete part solution

3: Because ICs are smaller and more densely packed, the lengths of the connections between the components is very much shorter. This allows the circuit to run faster, because you have reduced the signal propagation time and connection capacitance.

4: Since you don't have to drive a wire load between components, the transistors making up logic functions can be smaller and thus faster as well.

5: It's easier to heat sink the waste heat out of a single chip instead of millions of components, generally. Sometimes the heat dissipation of a single chip can present challenges, as with a modern microprocessor.

6: All the components on a chip tend to share similar characteristics. This means that the transistors, resistors and occasionally capacitors on the part are matched devices by the nature of the fabrication techniques. This can be nearly impossible to achieve with discrete devices.

7: Components on a single part in general track with temperature changes during operation, which can again be nearly impossible to do with discrete devices.

8: A chip is physically much less fragile than a large assembly.

There are any number of other advantages/disadvantages, but these are the ones that come immediately to mind.

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17y ago

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