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"Failure to prosecute" basically means that a plaintiff has failed proceed to trial with "due diligence." Rule 41(b) "allows dismissal for the plaintiff's failure to prosecute, [and] is intended as a safeguard against delay in litigation." 9 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 3d § 2370.

Dismissals under 41(b) operate as an "adjudication on the merits," thus precluding further claims on the same facts and law.

Furthermore, the court can issue a dismissal for failure to prosecute sua sponte. Link v. Wabach Railroad, 370 U.S. 626. Also, the court can choose to levy fines as a less harsh alternative to dismissal. Cleminshaw Co. v. City of Norwhich, 93 F.R.D. 338.

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