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In practice, the controller output is limited, either by its own limitations or by the limitations of the corresponding actuator. Let umax and umin denote the minimum and maximum output of the controller. The proportional band of the controller is then defined as:

In the ideal case, a controller can have an unlimited output. The proportional band (PB) is then defined as:

This definition of proportional band is often used instead of the controller gain. The value is expressed in percent (%).

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