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Classical Marxism is a socio-economic and political theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century, which critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless society. It emphasizes the role of class struggle, where the proletariat (working class) seeks to overthrow the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) to establish a socialist state. Central to this theory is the idea of historical materialism, which posits that economic structures shape societal development and consciousness. Ultimately, classical Marxism envisions a transition from capitalism to socialism and eventually to communism, where the means of production are collectively owned.

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