E. Producers
from top to bottom of the pyramid: tertiary consumers... and so on. secondary consumers (carnivores) primary consumers (herbivores) primary producers (like grass)
In the energy pyramid, grass is a primary producer, forming the base as it converts sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. Antelope, as herbivores, occupy the next level as primary consumers that feed on grass. Lions, as carnivores, are secondary consumers that prey on antelope. Vultures, as scavengers, are typically considered tertiary consumers, feeding on the remains of dead animals, including lions and antelope.
In an ecosystem, energy flows from producers to consumers through trophic levels. If producers provide 1500 calories of energy to first-level consumers (herbivores), these consumers typically convert only about 10% of that energy into biomass, passing approximately 150 calories to the second-level consumers (carnivores). Following the same efficiency, the second-level consumers would then pass about 15 calories to the third-level consumers, which are the apex predators. Thus, the third-level consumers receive a significantly reduced amount of energy due to the energy loss at each trophic level.
Energy flow in ecosystems refers to the transfer of energy through various trophic levels, starting from primary producers like plants that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. This energy then moves to primary consumers (herbivores) when they eat the plants, followed by secondary consumers (carnivores) that feed on herbivores. Each transfer results in energy loss, primarily as heat, due to metabolic processes, following the 10% rule, where only about 10% of energy is passed to the next trophic level. Ultimately, decomposers play a crucial role in recycling nutrients and ensuring energy flow continues within the ecosystem.
The following two characteristics are not shared by the other kingdoms:Fungi have cell walls composed of chitin.Fungi are all myco-heterotrophs.
either as detrivivores or decomposers
from top to bottom of the pyramid: tertiary consumers... and so on. secondary consumers (carnivores) primary consumers (herbivores) primary producers (like grass)
Energy flows from the sun to autrotrophs, which are able to make their own food from sunlight. Autotrophs die and are eaten by decomposers, passing some of their energy to them, and autotrophs are also eaten by heterotrophs (herbivores), also passing some of their energy to them. Heterotrophs die and pass some of their energy to decomposers.
heterotrophs
The decomposer in the list is the fungus. Fungi play a vital role in decomposition by breaking down organic matter into simpler compounds, which helps recycle nutrients in the ecosystem. Hawk, owl, and ant are not decomposers but rather consumers in the food chain.
A boycott.
Consumers
Consumers
As energy transfers from producers (like plants) to first consumers (herbivores) and then to higher-order consumers (carnivores), a significant portion of it is lost at each trophic level, primarily as heat due to metabolic processes. Typically, only about 10% of the energy is passed on to the next level, following the "10% rule." This loss of energy limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem and emphasizes the efficiency of energy transfer within food chains. Consequently, ecosystems are structured with fewer top consumers compared to producers.
In the energy pyramid, grass is a primary producer, forming the base as it converts sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. Antelope, as herbivores, occupy the next level as primary consumers that feed on grass. Lions, as carnivores, are secondary consumers that prey on antelope. Vultures, as scavengers, are typically considered tertiary consumers, feeding on the remains of dead animals, including lions and antelope.
A second-order consumer, also known as a secondary consumer, refers to an organism that primarily feeds on primary consumers (herbivores). In a food chain, they occupy the third trophic level, following primary producers (plants) and primary consumers. Examples of second-order consumers include carnivores and omnivores that eat herbivores. Their role is crucial in maintaining ecological balance by regulating primary consumer populations.
Which of the following do marketers use to give consumers a special reason for them to purchase a product or servic