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Why does penicillin not affect human cells?
This is essentially because bacterial cells and human cells are very different. Both bacterial and human cells use chemicals called enzymes to build their walls. Penicillin is the right chemical "shape" to chemically stick to part of the bacterial enzyme. When it does this, it stops the bacterial enzyme from working properly and this makes the bacterial cell walls weak. The weakened cell wall cannot withstand the outside pressure, it breaks up and the bacterial cell dies. Human cells are made by different types of enzymes with a different chemical shape that penecillin is unable to stick to so it cant stop the human enzymes from working. The human cell walls are thus unaffected by it and they remain strong.
Why don't bacterial chromosomes get cut out with the restriction enzymes present in the cell?
Bacterial chromosomes are protected from being cut by restriction enzymes because they contain specific DNA sequences called methylated sites that act as recognition markers for the restriction enzymes. These methylated sites prevent the enzymes from cutting the bacterial chromosome by blocking their activity.
Does saliva have carbon dioxide?
human saliva contains 99% water . 1% contains electrolytes, mucus, anti bacterial compounds and some enzymes..
Bacterial proteins that cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotides are?
Restriction enzymes
What does the bacterial cell reproduce that the human gene codes for?
the bacterial cell reproduces the bacterial chromosome that the human gene codes for.
Why does penicillin not affect human cells?
This is essentially because bacterial cells and human cells are very different. Both bacterial and human cells use chemicals called enzymes to build their walls. Penicillin is the right chemical "shape" to chemically stick to part of the bacterial enzyme. When it does this, it stops the bacterial enzyme from working properly and this makes the bacterial cell walls weak. The weakened cell wall cannot withstand the outside pressure, it breaks up and the bacterial cell dies. Human cells are made by different types of enzymes with a different chemical shape that penecillin is unable to stick to so it cant stop the human enzymes from working. The human cell walls are thus unaffected by it and they remain strong.
Why don't bacterial chromosomes get cut out with the restriction enzymes present in the cell?
Bacterial chromosomes are protected from being cut by restriction enzymes because they contain specific DNA sequences called methylated sites that act as recognition markers for the restriction enzymes. These methylated sites prevent the enzymes from cutting the bacterial chromosome by blocking their activity.
Does saliva have carbon dioxide?
human saliva contains 99% water . 1% contains electrolytes, mucus, anti bacterial compounds and some enzymes..
Bacterial proteins that cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotides are?
Restriction enzymes
What does the bacterial cell reproduce that the human gene codes for?
the bacterial cell reproduces the bacterial chromosome that the human gene codes for.
Does the human body have more bacterial or human cells?
it has more human cells actually the human body has more bacterial cells. Although it may seem more likely that the human body would have more human cells than bacterial cells. -Vasillisa
What enzymes are present in human bodies?
There is a huge amount of enzyme types in the human body. We have digestive enzymes such as pepsinogen, cardiac enzymes such as Trop-I, liver enzymes such as GGT. If you are curious of enzymes in the human body I suggest you look at specific systems or organs. An example would be to ask the internets about "pancreatic enzymes".
How does genetic engineers remove sections from human DNA for splicing into bacterial DNA?
Genetic engineers typically use restriction enzymes to cut out specific sections of human DNA from a larger sequence. These sections can then be ligated into a plasmid vector that is then introduced into bacteria. The bacteria can then incorporate this DNA into their genome or use it to produce specific proteins.
In the process of human gene cloning using recombinant plasmids what is the bacterial plasmid?
The bacterial plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule that is used as a vector to carry the gene of interest in gene cloning experiments. It is introduced into bacteria, where it replicates independently from the bacterial chromosome. The gene of interest is inserted into the plasmid using restriction enzymes and ligase.
A certain bacterial colony originated from the division of a single bacterial cell Each cell in this colony will most likely?
synthesize the same proteins and enzymes
What cuts bacterial plasmids?
Enzymes called restriction endonucleases can cut plasmids. However, in order for a cut to be produced, the plasmid should contain a specific sequence of nucleotides called the restriction site
Why does ciprofloxacin harm human cells?
Ciprofloxacin can harm human cells primarily because it inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for bacterial DNA replication and repair. While these targets are specific to bacteria, ciprofloxacin can also affect similar enzymes in human cells, albeit to a lesser extent, leading to potential side effects. Additionally, it may disrupt cellular processes and induce oxidative stress, contributing to toxicity in certain tissues. This dual action can result in adverse reactions, particularly in sensitive populations.
