No, comets and meteors are not considered to be small planets. Comets are simply considered to be comets, and meteors are simply considered to be meteors. (Meteors are asteroids that have entered the atmosphere.)
In terms of the earth, there is only one moon orbiting around it. In terms of other planets, some planets, like Mars or Venus and Murcury have no moons. Other's like all the Gas Giants have more than one moon orbiting it.
Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model, where planets revolve around the sun, while Ptolemy's geocentric model placed Earth at the center of the universe with planets orbiting around it. Copernicus' model helped to explain retrograde motion more simply than Ptolemy's epicycles.
Quite simply, different planets have different masses. They are not all the same.
One could not simply point a telescope at the sky and find planets. Galileo calculated the positions of various planets at different times of the year. His observations led him to adopt the heliocentric theories of Copernicus.
I think that is refered to simply as the sun, or "Sol".
It is simply called "The Solar System"
There is no falling action the story simply ends at the Climax!
They are simply asteroids. Sometimes they are called "minor planets", but they are much smaller than planets, of course. The Trojans can orbit where they do because those places are suitable for stable orbits.
Copernicus made a contribution to Astronomy by proposing the theory called "Heliocentrism", which means that simply the Earth and all of the other planets revolve around the stationary Sun.
Gravity is caused by mass, so objects with more mass, such as planets and stars, exert a lot of gravity. The earth and everything on it is constantly falling towards the sun because of the sun's immense gravity. Because of this sideways momentum, the earth is continually falling towards the sun and missing it.
The motion of the planets are elliptical motions
No. Rain is simply water falling from the sky.
It's a (usually cloth or plastic) cape placed around the neck of the customer - to stop cut hairs from simply falling over their clothes.
No, falling down is not a pleonasm as it simply describes the act of falling to the ground. A pleonasm is the use of more words than necessary to convey meaning, so "falling down" is not an example of this.
No, comets and meteors are not considered to be small planets. Comets are simply considered to be comets, and meteors are simply considered to be meteors. (Meteors are asteroids that have entered the atmosphere.)
In terms of the earth, there is only one moon orbiting around it. In terms of other planets, some planets, like Mars or Venus and Murcury have no moons. Other's like all the Gas Giants have more than one moon orbiting it.