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Reflexes can be either unconditional or conditional.

Conditional, also referred to as 'Pavlovian', reflexes are those that we can develop. They are weak in humans, but can be observed more readily in other organisms. For more information on these, research Pavlov's dog.

Unconditional reflexes are those which are innate - we're born with them. Neurologically speaking these typically do not have any nerves passing through the brain, unlike conditional reflexes in which neurons pass through higher cortical areas of the brain.

An example of an unconditional reflex in humans is beginning to salivate when we smell something yummy. This is down to our olfactory tracts, which contain receptors which will stimulate a reflex resulting in secretion from the salivary glands.

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Are you born with reflexes?

Yes, babies are born with certain reflexes that help them survive and develop. These reflexes, such as the rooting and sucking reflexes, are automatic responses to stimuli that are essential for early development. Over time, these reflexes typically fade as voluntary control of movements develops.


What are the two functional classifications of reflexes?

The two functional classifications of reflexes are autonomic reflexes, which regulate activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, and somatic reflexes, which involve skeletal muscles. Autonomic reflexes are involuntary and controlled by the autonomic nervous system, while somatic reflexes are voluntary and controlled by the somatic nervous system.


What is a innate reflex?

Innate reflexes are reflexes that result from the connections of neurons during their development.


What is the instrument used to test knee reflexes?

The instrument used to test knee reflexes is a reflex hammer. The doctor will tap the tendon below the kneecap to evaluate the neurological responses and reflexes in the leg.


Do visceral reflexes include the reflexes that empty the rectum?

Yes, visceral reflexes do include the reflexes that facilitate the emptying of the rectum. These reflexes are part of the autonomic nervous system and involve both sensory and motor pathways. When the rectum is distended, stretch receptors send signals to the spinal cord, which then triggers reflexive contractions of the rectal muscles and relaxation of the anal sphincter to allow for defecation.