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Ions (charged particles) are formed by the loss or gain of electrons.

In an atom, there are equal numbers of electrons (negatively charged) and protons (positively charged) so atoms are neutral. If an atom were to lose electrons, there would be more protons than electrons so a positive ion (cation) would be formed. If an atom were to gain electrons, there would be more electrons than protons so a negative ion (anion) would be formed.

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus (so they have the same chemical properties but different atomic masses) are called isotopes.

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