The most common engineering material I have worked with that forms a passive oxide film is Aluminum which forms the film when contacted with air. Some types of Stainless Steel can also be induced to form a passive oxide film by treatment with nitric acid. "Hot bluing" can be used to provide limited protection to other types of iron and steel by bathing them in hot aqueous solutions of potassium nitrate or sodium hydroxide to form a layer of magnetite (Fe3O4). Note that regular red rust is Fe2O3. "Rust bluing", "cold bluing" and carefully controlled heat treatment of iron and steel pieces can also be used to impart a protective oxide finish. All of these bluing processes still require additional treatment with oil to provide lasting protection.
Ionic
Common nonmetallic engineering materials include polymers, ceramics, and composites. Polymers, such as plastics and elastomers, offer flexibility and resistance to chemicals. Ceramics, known for their hardness and thermal resistance, are often used in applications like insulators and cutting tools. Composites, which combine materials like fibers and resins, provide enhanced strength-to-weight ratios, making them ideal for aerospace and automotive industries.
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. This scientific field investigates the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties. It incorporates elements of applied physics and chemistry. With significant media attention focused on nanoscience and nanotechnology in recent years, materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many universities. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis. Materials science also deals with fundamental properties and characteristics of materials. Before the 1960s (and in some cases decades after), many materials science departments were named metallurgy departments, from a 19th and early 20th century emphasis on metals. The field has since broadened to include every class of materials, including: ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials (materiomics).
Common gases used in brazing include acetylene, propane, natural gas, and hydrogen. These gases are typically used in combination with oxygen to produce a flame with the appropriate temperature for brazing different materials.
Ash and pumice are common materials.
Ionic
The building blocks for engineering materials include atoms, molecules, and crystalline structures. These fundamental components determine the properties and behavior of materials, such as strength, flexibility, and conductivity. Understanding the interactions and arrangement of these building blocks is essential in designing and manipulating engineering materials for various applications.
Common causes of stress-strain problems in engineering materials include excessive loads, temperature changes, and material defects. Solutions typically involve using appropriate materials for the application, designing structures to distribute stress evenly, and implementing regular maintenance and inspections to detect potential issues early.
i guess you are a mechanical engineering student trying to get the answers from the assignment that your professor gave you for your final exam...
Steel and iron are most common but nickel and copper work to. They provide more stableness and are easy to deploy and detach.
Common nonmetallic engineering materials include polymers, ceramics, and composites. Polymers, such as plastics and elastomers, offer flexibility and resistance to chemicals. Ceramics, known for their hardness and thermal resistance, are often used in applications like insulators and cutting tools. Composites, which combine materials like fibers and resins, provide enhanced strength-to-weight ratios, making them ideal for aerospace and automotive industries.
Materials engineering is the field of engineering concentrating on the research and development of materials for various industrial uses. They are typically involved in the production of materials that are used to make products that range from computer hardware to the composite materials in snow skis and compound bows. Materials engineers often specialize in working with a specific type of material; common classifications are those who work with semi-conductors, metals, ceramics, composites, and plastics. All of these engineers work with a specific material, or group of materials, with single goal being to create a material that fits a certain industrial requirement through manipulating the original material or by using advanced scientific means to combine several materials to make a new one. The latter strategy is known as composites. Composites have become one the largest fields of materials engineering due to the endless possibilities for creating new and useful materials. Recent developments in technology have greatly increased the efficacy of materials engineering. Engineers are now able to simulate materials on an atomic level through the use of computer technology. This allows scientists and engineers to experiment and theorize in ways that were never possible in the past. The minimum requirements to become a materials engineer are to earn a bachelor’s degree in materials engineering. It is also very common for engineers with degrees in another engineering concentration, such as mechanical or chemical engineering, to cross over into the field. Positions that require graduate degrees are more common in this field than any other due to the highly scientific nature of the materials science. The job outlook for the Materials engineer is expected to be good. Demand for materials engineers will increase with the more common use of engineered materials such as those produced by biotechnology and nanotechnology. Materials engineers earn starting salaries that are well above those that are for the average graduate of a bachelor’s degree program, but average amongst the engineering specialties. The average starting salaries for materials engineers are typically around $55,000 to $60,000. The average salary for a materials engineer is $73,000, with the lowest salaries paid in the fields being $50,000 and the most highly paid being more than $120,000.
Yes, alcohol can produce passive behavior in many individuals due to its depressant effects on the central nervous system. It often lowers inhibitions and impairs judgment, which can lead to decreased aggression and increased feelings of relaxation. However, reactions to alcohol can vary widely among individuals, with some becoming more aggressive or assertive instead. Therefore, while passive behavior is common, it is not universal.
nothing
Movement of particles .
Use of the engineering process
Another common reaction is passive resistance where individuals agree on the surface with the need for change but are quietly unsupportive of it.