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In a normal atmosphere, a coin has a very thin layer of a metal oxide covering it, which prevents any sort of degradation by external forces, as this layer is very chemically inert. This layer is formed by the process known as passivation.

What happens in salt water, is that when the metal ions come off of the coin, they are isolated from each other by the salt ions surrounding them, which inhibits their interaction. This results in the protective oxide layer not being able to form, and the coin is therefore more susceptible to corrosion.

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