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During the Cenozoic era, mammals diversified significantly due to the extinction of dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic, which opened up ecological niches. For instance, the evolution of large herbivores, such as mammoths and saber-toothed cats, allowed for specialization in various habitats and diets. This era also saw the emergence of distinct groups like whales adapting to aquatic environments, while others became highly specialized for flying, such as bats. These adaptations helped mammals exploit a wide range of ecological roles, leading to their dominance in many ecosystems.

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