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P waves (primary waves) are compressional seismic waves that can travel through both solids and liquids, while S waves (secondary waves) are shear waves that can only move through solids. When an earthquake occurs, P waves arrive at seismic stations before S waves, allowing scientists to analyze their travel times. The absence of S waves in certain areas indicates that the material in those regions is liquid, leading to the conclusion that the outer core of the Earth is liquid, while the presence of both P and S waves in the inner core suggests it is solid. This distinction helps geologists understand the physical state of Earth's core.

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