Firstly our sun is too small to become a black hole. Only stars that are a million to a billion times our sun do this, because they burn through their fuel quickly, unlike our sun.
A typical black hole has 3 times the mass of our sun
It depends on how big the black hole is. If the black hole is small enough it will evaporate into nothingness before it could have any effect on the Sun. However if the black hole didn't evaporate, and if it fell into the Sun, the entire Sun would gradually fall into the black hole.
The black hole will get more massive. Some energy will be radiated away. If you'd like more details, please rephrase your question in a more specific fashion. The Sun is in no danger of encountering a black hole in the foreseeable future, so there's no real rush.
It depends on how much mass the black hole had. If the black hole had the mass of our Sun, it would take a long time, around a hundred million years. For a really big black hole, with a hundred million times the mass of our Sun (as is thought to exist in the centers of some galaxies), it would take about ten thousand years. One thing to remember is that at such great distances the gravity of a black hole acts like the gravity of anything else with that mass (e.g., if the Sun were magically turned into a black hole with the Sun's mass, the Earth would orbit as it always does. We'd just get cold without the Sun's radiation!). The weird effects you read about for black holes happen only very close in.
No. You will not be swallowed by the black hole but you still would not survive for very long. If the sun become a black hole it would retain the same mass, so the orbits of the planets would remain the same. It is only within the former radius of the sun that gravity would be unusually strong. The problem is that the new black hole sun would no longer give off any heat or light. No light means no photosynthesis; the plants we depend on for food would die. No heat means Earth would freeze, eventually becoming colder than Pluto. You have nothing to worry about in this regard, though, because the sun is nowhere near massive enough to create a black hole.
In the course of normal stellar evolution, at end of its life the Sun wouldn't spontaneously become a black hole simply because it lacks sufficient mass. The minimum mass of a stellar black hole would be about 25 times that of our Sun; effects through which stars lose mass would also need to be considered.
If the Sun collapsed into a black hole, it would be about 3 kilometers in diameter.
YES
No. The Sun is a star - as you can see if you look out of the window.
It isn't big enough.
Simply put, it isn't big enough. A star must have a certain mass to become a black hole after its "death", and the Sun doesn't have enough. Our "Sun" is not big enough, only stars that are a lot bigger will explode and become a black hole.
we will not be able to know since the sun will grow as big to literally melt the earth.
10 to 20 times larger
It depends on how big the black hole is. If the black hole is small enough it will evaporate into nothingness before it could have any effect on the Sun. However if the black hole didn't evaporate, and if it fell into the Sun, the entire Sun would gradually fall into the black hole.
If it gets close enough to the Sun, a black hole would swallow up most of the Sun - becoming a larger (more massive) black hole. A small part of the Sun's matter, i.e., part of its gases, would probably escape into space.
No. The sun does not have enough mass to form a black hole. A black hole does not lead to another galaxy. Anything pulled into a black hole becomes part of that black hole's mass. Even then, if Earth were to fall into a black hole the same mass as the sun it would be torn apart by tidal forces long before it crossed the event horizon.
No. There not a black hole on the sun or on Jupiter.
The black hole will get more massive. Some energy will be radiated away. If you'd like more details, please rephrase your question in a more specific fashion. The Sun is in no danger of encountering a black hole in the foreseeable future, so there's no real rush.