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Bacteria can acquire new characteristics primarily through three mechanisms: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves the uptake of free DNA from the environment, while transduction is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria via viruses (bacteriophages). Conjugation occurs when bacteria directly transfer genetic material through direct contact, often through a structure called a pilus. These processes enable bacteria to adapt rapidly, gain antibiotic resistance, or acquire new metabolic capabilities.

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1mo ago

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