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It is the valence shell that chemically reacts. This is the farthest out layer. Atoms try to fill it, no matter what charge it will give them. For hydrogen and helium only this shell holds two electrons, the rest eight. For an example take sodium(1 electron in valence) and chlorine(7 electrons in valence) and the chlorine will take the electron in sodium's shell so showing the filled layer of eight below and giving the chlorine eight. This creats a bond between the two as sodium is now negative and chlorine positive they are very attracted to each other and form table salt.

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