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Nuclear reactors are controlled by control rods made of a neutron absorbing material such as boron steel. These enable the reactor to be shutdown quickly in the event of a fault, and also to be brought back to criticality after a refuelling outage or some other reason for a shutdown. After new fuel has been loaded a neutron absorber is added to the water coolant to prevent the reactor being too active, and this poison is gradually removed as the fuel is burned up. The object of reactor control is usually to maintain a steady power level. As nuclear fuel is relatively cheap, but the investment in the plant is high, it pays to operate on base load, and allow other types of power plant to absorb the variations in power demand during the daily cycle.

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