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How can the principles of stratigraphy be used to do relative age dating?

Geologists generally know the age of a rock by determining the age of the group of rocks, or formation, that it is found in. The age of formations is marked on a geologic calendar known as the geologic time scale. Development of the geologic time scale and dating of formations and rocks relies upon two fundamentally different ways of telling time: relative and absolute.


What determines the exact age of a substance?

The exact time it was created.


What type of method looks at different age groups at the same time in order to understand changes that occur during the life span?

A cross-sectional study is a method that looks at different age groups at the same time to understand changes that occur during the life span. This allows researchers to compare different age groups at a single point in time to identify patterns or differences related to age.


Definition of absolute dating?

age of a rock unit in number of years before present (numerical age).


Why the age of the universe equals 66.6 percent of hubble time?

As far as I understand, the projected age of the universe is about 99.5% of the estimated "Hubble time". The age is projected by applying a correction factor to the inverse Hubble constant. The correction factor applied depends on the value of the cosmological constant. The constant is derived from WMAP observation data, and valued at 0.976. For a flat universe without cosmological constant, the value would have been 0.666, resulting in a projected age 66.6% of the Hubble time.