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There will usually be a period of climate change where average temperatures decrease. There are a number of potential causes including Milankovitch cycles which are variations in the orbital eccentricity, axial tilt and precession of the Earth as it orbits the sun. These are thought to have an impact on the climate of the Earth. Also factors such as variations in solar activity and variations in the Earth's albedo (the amount of solar radiation reflected back into space) are thought to play a part in fluctuations in climate.

This can ultimately lead to lower average temperatures and increases in the precipitation of snow which accumulates and undergoes the process of nivation due to repeated freeze-thaw and compaction which ultimately alters the snow into ice. As this snow / neve / glacial ice accumulates over thousands of years it can form large ice sheets that may cover large sections of whole continents.

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