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Creatures make shells or plates through a biological process called biomineralization, where they extract minerals from their environment, usually calcium carbonate or silica. Specialized cells in their bodies secrete proteins and organic matrices that facilitate the crystallization of these minerals into structured forms. The resulting shells or plates serve various purposes, such as protection, support, and camouflage, and their composition can vary widely among different species. Over time, environmental factors and evolutionary pressures influence the shape and structure of these protective coverings.

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Ask us anythingMany ocean creatures make their shells out of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This process is more difficult when the ocean pH is lower. Why would greenhouse gas emissions harm these creatur?

Greenhouse gas emissions increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is absorbed by the ocean, leading to ocean acidification. This lower pH makes it harder for ocean creatures to build their calcium carbonate shells, as the acidic conditions can dissolve their shells. This ultimately threatens the survival of these creatures and disrupts the marine ecosystem.