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The four major categories of macromolecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—each play essential roles in the body. Carbohydrates provide a primary source of energy and support cellular functions. Lipids serve as long-term energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and are involved in signaling. Proteins perform a wide range of functions, including catalyzing biochemical reactions as enzymes, providing structural support, and facilitating communication within and between cells, while nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information essential for growth and reproduction.

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