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In single-celled organisms, excretion and respiration occur through the cell membrane via diffusion. Waste products, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, are expelled from the cell directly into the surrounding environment, while oxygen and other necessary molecules can enter the cell through the same process. This efficient exchange is facilitated by the relatively large surface area-to-volume ratio of single-celled organisms, allowing them to meet their metabolic needs effectively. Additionally, some organisms may utilize specialized structures, like contractile vacuoles, to help manage waste removal.

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