Like the receptors for other protein hormones, the receptor for insulin is embedded in the plasma membrane. The insulin receptor is composed of two alpha subunits and two beta subunits linked by disulfide bonds. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular and house insulin binding domains, while the linked beta chains penetrate through the plasma membrane.
The insulin receptor is a tyrosine kinase. In other words, it functions as an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosine residues on intracellular target proteins. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunits causes the beta subunits to phosphorylate themselves (autophosphorylation), thus activating the catalytic activity of the receptor. The activated receptor then phosphorylates a number of intracellular proteins, which in turn alters their activity, thereby generating a biological response.
Several intracellular proteins have been identified as phosphorylation substrates for the insulin receptor, the best-studied of which is insulin receptor substrate 1 or IRS-1. When IRS-1 is activated by phosphorylation, a lot of things happen. Among other things, IRS-1 serves as a type of docking center for recruitment and activation of other enzymes that ultimately mediate insulin's effects. from yo mama
A chemical reaction causes substances to combine in different ways to make other substances.
Cells can digest substances through intracellular digestion, where enzymes break down molecules inside the cell's cytoplasm, or through extracellular digestion, where enzymes are secreted outside the cell to break down larger substances before they are absorbed.
Leukocytes have a flexible shape that allows them to squeeze through blood vessel walls and reach tissues to fight infections. They have a nucleus and various organelles to perform functions such as phagocytosis, production of antibodies, and releasing inflammatory mediators. This structural design enables leukocytes to carry out their immune system functions effectively.
Plant cells have chloroplasts. They have glyoxisomes and photosynthetic
Substances that are not stimulants include depressants (such as alcohol and benzodiazepines) and hallucinogens (such as LSD and psilocybin). These substances work on the central nervous system in different ways compared to stimulants.
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A chemical reaction causes substances to combine in different ways to make other substances.
A mutation in a cell's DNA can change the way the cell functions, leading to behaviors that are different from normal cells. This can result in abnormal growth, function, or communication with other cells, which can cause the cell to behave in ways that are distinct from healthy cells.
By altering pressure and temperature respectively.
Temperature: Enzyme activity can be controlled by adjusting the temperature, as most enzymes have an optimal temperature at which they function best. pH: Enzyme activity is also influenced by the pH of the environment, and maintaining an appropriate pH level can help regulate enzyme function. Inhibitors: Enzyme activity can be inhibited by specific molecules that bind to the enzyme and prevent it from carrying out its catalytic function. This can be used as a way to control enzyme activity in biological systems.
Yes. It chemically affects the body in many similar ways to some painkillers, mind altering substances and other chemical agents; it is highly addictive (people can easily die from water withdrawal symptoms); and overdose is quite possible.
A formula or graph are two ways to describe a math function. How a math function is described depends on the domain of the function or the complexity of the function.
Cells can digest substances through intracellular digestion, where enzymes break down molecules inside the cell's cytoplasm, or through extracellular digestion, where enzymes are secreted outside the cell to break down larger substances before they are absorbed.
Both act as selective barriers, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell or organelle. Both can facilitate communication and transportation within and between cells.
Red cells do not directly protect the body, as their main and only task is shipping oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the body parts so they can function. White cells are the ones that do the job of fighting intrudes to the body.
A cell body keeps the cell safe in many ways. It is responsible for repairing the cell, preserving energy and generating new cells.
All cells have DNA