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The brain and spinal cord send messages to the heart and blood vessels via the peripheral nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic nervous system innervates the heart and causes an increases heart rate and force of contraction; it also innervates the blood vessels and can produce either constriction of the blood vessels or relaxation.

The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the heart as well, but reduces heart rate and force of contraction. With few exceptions, the parasympathetic nervous system does not innervate the blood vessels.

As a consequence of this innervation, the peripheral nervous system regulates heart rate and blood pressure.

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