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Thermodynamic quantities can be derived from the partition function ( Z ) by using its relation to the Helmholtz free energy ( F ), given by ( F = -k_B T \ln Z ), where ( k_B ) is the Boltzmann constant and ( T ) is the temperature. From the Helmholtz free energy, other thermodynamic quantities can be obtained: the internal energy ( U ) is found using ( U = -\frac{\partial \ln Z}{\partial \beta} ) (where ( \beta = \frac{1}{k_B T} )), and the entropy ( S ) can be determined via ( S = -\left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial T}\right)_V ). Additionally, pressure ( P ) can be derived from the relation ( P = -\left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial V}\right)_T ).

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