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Generally, you start with 2 known solutions. The first being water with a pH of 7.0, and the second being a buffered solution of known pH. Solutions with a pH of 4 or 10 are commonly used as a second known, but it all depends on the target range that you are looking for. Sometimes you can use a third buffered solution that is close to your target range.

For Example:

You have an acidic solution that you want to know the pH. You know it has a pH somewhere between 2 and 3

1 - Calibrate the "zero point" with DI water

2 - Find the slope of the standard line with a solution that has a pH of 4

3 - Improve your accuracy by also including a point for a control solution with a pH of 2

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14y ago

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