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Aquifer recharge occurs when surface water permeates through the pervious layers of soil to an impervious layer below the surface soil layers. This impervious layer may be clay or stone. Alternately the water may gain access to the aquifer when the bottom of a river of lake is connected to a porous zone which is either an aquifer or connects to an aquifer. These points of access to the quaifer are called recharge zones.

Aquifers often low downwards along the gradient of the impervious zone and may, at some point, pass below other impervious zones and become unaffected by other water additions from the surface. Aquifers which do not flow are called perched and can dry up if water is removed from them and they have no source of recharge.

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