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Scientists have significantly advanced our understanding of Earth's surface dynamics through the development of plate tectonics theory, which explains the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates. Research by geologists like Alfred Wegener and later advancements in seismology and geodesy have revealed the mechanisms behind earthquakes, volcanic activity, and continental drift. This knowledge has transformed scientific thought by emphasizing the interconnectedness of geological processes and their influence on the planet's evolution. Consequently, it has also informed our approaches to natural disaster preparedness and resource management.

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