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carbon's electronegativity is about 2.4 or 2.5, so the electronegativity difference with other elements leads to sharing of electrons. Since carbon has 4 outer shell electrons it needs to form 4 bonds. If there are not enough other atoms to form all these bonds to become stable carbon atoms will form bonds with other carbon atoms. If there are insufficient hydrogen atoms to form single bonds then two adjacent carbon atoms will form multiple (double or triple) bonds in order for the outer energy level to 'get' 8 electrons and become stable.

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