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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION is how the cells produce ATP when no oxygen is present:

Anaerobic (fermentation) vs. Aerobic Respiration

i. Without oxygen to accept electrons in the electron transport chain, most of cellular respiration stops.

ii. Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.

iii. In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules with NAD+ being reduced to NADH.

iv. Pyruvate then accepts electrons from NADH, oxidizing it back to NAD+. The NAD+ is then available to oxidize more glucose.

v. Because the pyruvate does not enter the Krebs cycle, there is still a lot of energy which is not removed from the fuel. This is evident in yeast fermentation where the end product is alcohol - a high energy fuel.

vi. Human muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. When O2 is absent, the ETC stops; therefore pyruvate accepts electrons, forming lactic acid. This waste product causes muscle fatigue and cramping, but it is eventually converted back to pyruvate in the liver.

vii. Under aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose yields 36-38 ATP, but the same molecule of glucose yields only 2 ATP under anaerobic respiration.

Hope this helps. it is a section out of my Biology notes. If it doesnt, Google Anaerobic respiration and wiki will give you a good answer

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The process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. This process involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy, with lactic acid or ethanol as byproducts. Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen.


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Anaerobic respiration is the process by which cells release energy without oxygen. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and involves the breakdown of glucose into energy-rich molecules, such as ATP, in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration but allows cells to continue producing energy when oxygen is limited.