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Knowing the half-life of radioisotopes is useful for many reasons. We can look at a few examples to see why.

If we have radioactive material, we need to know the half-life to know how long it is dangerous. This applies to fission products inside spent nuclear fuel. This fuel generates heat long after it has been removed from a reactor, and we have to store this stuff securely for many human lifetimes. Fission products of uranium and plutonium are super nasty, and they must be kept out of harm's way.

Knowing the half-life of a certain material can allow us to date things that are old. Radiocarbon (carbon-14) is used to date things like skeletons or plant materials that archaeologists have recovered. We can also use something like uranium-lead to date rock structures back millions and even billions of years.

There is a broad range of radioisotopes that we find in use in the medical field, and we need to know the half-lives of them. We might select a short-lived radioisotope to act as a tracer for medical imaging. A medical staff member will inject a patient or will have him ingest this substance, and then medical professionals take pictures. Knowing the half-life allows us to prepare the material closely enough to the time of use so that it is "potent" enough for the application. In another use, a radioactive isotope will be implanted to irradiate a tumor in a patient. The half-life of the material must be known and coupled to the amount of the substance used to calculate dosage to a patient.

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