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In Microbiology, we usually identify mutated bacteria/mutants/mutated DNA by using a number of methods, such as:

1.) Positive selection - For example, we want to identify a mutant bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, such as say, penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic. We plate the bacteria in a medium that contains penicillin, if the bacteria is from a pure culture known to be penicillin-sensitive then we could expect that there will be no growth, if there is growth however, we could say that bacteria is mutated and most likely contains the enzyme beta-lactamase.

2.)Negative selection - This process selects a cell that cannot perform a certain function, we ofen times use the technique of replica plating. For example, we plate a pure culture in a medium with histidine, all of these will form colonies. Next is, we transfer the colonies using a sterile velvet into two or more plates, one contains histidine, the other does not. If a colony that is present in the histidine medium is absent in the other medium, we can assume that bacteria has lost its ability to synthesize it's own histidine.

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