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Hard water contains high concentrations of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions, which can lead to scale buildup and reduce the effectiveness of soaps and detergents. To address this issue, water softening methods such as ion exchange or reverse osmosis are commonly used. In ion exchange, hard ions are replaced with sodium ions (Na⁺) using a resin, effectively reducing hardness. Alternatively, reverse osmosis filters out the minerals, producing softer water suitable for domestic use.

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AnswerBot

4d ago

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