The universe is expanding, and it was recently discovered that the universe is expanding much faster than was originally thought. Also, objects within the universe are constantly changing, such as the birth and death of stars, expanding and/or contraction of gas clouds, and objects in motion (the spinning of galaxies and solar systems, rogue stars or planets) are constantly changing.
Models and theories about the universe are always changing because new evidence and observations constantly challenge our understanding of the cosmos. Scientific knowledge is a dynamic process, and as technology and instrumentation improve, our understanding of the universe evolves. Additionally, new discoveries may require revisions or updates to existing models and theories.
The universe is not destroyed, but rather it is constantly evolving and changing. The destruction of the universe is a theoretical concept that is often discussed in the context of scientific theories such as the Big Crunch or the Heat Death of the universe, but these scenarios are not guaranteed to happen.
The word is "methodology." It refers to the systematic approach or procedure followed in conducting an experiment to achieve reliable and valid results.
No - That is a premise of the Steady State Theory. Rather the universe has been undergoing an evolutionary expansion in which the actual environmental state of the universe is ever changing. The interpretation of observational evidence from the detection of deep space radiations have provided us a window into the past; wherein the universe of the CMBR barrier demonstrates that the universe was once just a soup of hot dense plasma. (See related question below for more information.)
In my view reliable test is always valid.
Is it possible for an operational definition to be valid but not reliable
A test may be reliable but not valid. A test may not be valid but not reliable. For example, if I use a yard stick that is mislabeled to measure the distance from tee to hole in golf on different length holes, the results will be neither reliable nor valid. If you use the same stick to measure football fields that are the same length the result will reliable (repeatable, consistent) but not valid (wrong numbers of yards). There is no test that is unreliable (repeatable, consistent) and valid (measures what we are looking for).
A reliable measure is consistent and yields consistent results, so it may not be measuring the intended construct accurately (lack validity). On the other hand, a valid measure accurately assesses the intended construct, but it must be consistent and produce stable results (reliable) to ensure that the measurements are dependable and trustworthy.
Reliable indicates that each time the experiment is conducted, the same results are obtained (accuracy). Valid indicates the experiment (or test) has controlled variables and used an appropriate method/model.
A test may be reliable yet not valid, The results can end up being reliable, in other words certain to have yielded properly based on input. But the results may not be trustworthy.
Social and Medical sciences uses these statistical concepts. ideally, we have to measure the same way each time, but intrasubject, interobserver and intraobserver variance occur, so we have to anticipate and evaluate them. In short, it is the repeatability of a measurement, by you, myself and everybody person or instrument. Validity is how much the mean measure that we got is near of the true answer or value. So, an instrument can be reliable but not valid, valid but not reliable, both valid and reliable, nor valid neither reliable. I suggest that you imagine a target: you can aim and 1) always get the center (both valid and reliable) 2) always get the same distant point (reliable but not valid) 3) err much around the true center (valid but not reliable - the mean and median of your arrow's shot will get the center) 4) err much around the another center, false one (nor valid neither reliable) I did not understood exactly what selection criteria have to do with the rest of question, so, left in blank ;-)
The cosmic background radiation is an observation of the effects of the Big bang [See related question] it does not effect the Universe changing in anyway.
The universe is expanding, and it was recently discovered that the universe is expanding much faster than was originally thought. Also, objects within the universe are constantly changing, such as the birth and death of stars, expanding and/or contraction of gas clouds, and objects in motion (the spinning of galaxies and solar systems, rogue stars or planets) are constantly changing.
A valid measure accurately captures what it intends to assess, meaning it reflects the true construct or phenomenon. Because a valid measure consistently produces accurate results, it inherently exhibits reliability, as reliability refers to the consistency and stability of measurements over time. However, not all reliable measures are valid, as they may yield consistent results without accurately measuring the intended construct. Thus, while all valid measures are reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true.
A reliable experiment is one that can be proven or has been worked out several times giving valid or dependable results.
valid