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most water softeners work on an ion exchange principle. there is a medium that will preferentially exchange sodium ions for other ions associated with harness (calcium, magnesium, iron, etc.) Because the ions are exchanged on a 1:1 ration there is no change in the overall dissolved ion content. Sodium ions do not however contribute the problems commonly associated with hard water, so a higher sodium content is OK. As the sodium ions in the medium are depleted they need to be replaced. this is accomplished by flushing with a concentrated salt solution. At the high concentration of the salt solution the sodium ions in the medium is regenerated and the "bad" ions are flushed away. This is why you have to add salt to your water softener.

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