Germanium (Ge) has four valence electrons and can form four bonds by sharing these electrons. In its most common oxidation state, +4, germanium typically forms four covalent bonds with other atoms, resulting in no lone pairs. However, in certain compounds or coordination complexes, it can exhibit lone pairs depending on its hybridization and bonding environment.
Germanium (Ge) has 2 lone pairs of electrons.
GeH4 is tetrahedral- (same as methane) - any polarity in the Ge-H bonds cancels each other out - do the molecule is non-polar.
Ge germanium does not form cations - it is a metalloid and bonds covalently. Under normal conditions it does not form anions, however it can form cluster anions (Zintl ions) in liquid ammonia when reacted with an alkali metal, e.g Ge42-
Lead (Pb) is more similar to Silicon (Si) because they are both metalloids, while Germanium (Ge) is also a metalloid but has a slightly different atomic structure than Si and Pb. Lead shares more chemical properties with Silicon, such as forming covalent bonds and having similar physical properties.
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Germanium (Ge) has 2 lone pairs of electrons.
When Ge binds to the two Cl, 2 single (sigma) bonds are created, resulting in a Lewis structure with: .. .. .. :Cl-Ge-Cl: .. .. Since the Ge is surrounded by three things (two atoms and a lone pair), a trigonal planar shape is expected. This creates sp2 hybridization. sp2 hybridization results in trigonal planar shapes, but because a lone pair takes up more space than bound atoms, the shape is bent or irregular. Though I don't know the exact nomenclature for this shape, I would call it bent or irregular trigonal planar (atom bond angles < 120 degrees).
The Lewis structure for germanium iodide (GeI4) has germanium (Ge) as the central atom surrounded by four iodine (I) atoms. Each iodine atom is bonded to the germanium atom with a single bond, and there are no lone pairs on the germanium atom.
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The Lewis electron dot structure for GeF2 involves Germanium (Ge) as the central atom with two Fluorine (F) atoms attached to it. Ge has four valence electrons and each F atom contributes one valence electron, totaling six valence electrons. Therefore, the structure will show Ge in the center with two pairs of dots representing the bonds with each F atom. This arrangement satisfies the octet rule for both Ge and F atoms.
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The Lewis dot structure for Xe starts with the Xe atom in the center. There are six possible bond locations for Xe, on four of them there is a singly bonded H atom. On the other two are a pair of dots.
Germanium (Ge) has 4 electrons in its outer shell.
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