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Electron dot structure - valence electrons are represented by dots placed around the chemical symbol. Electrons are placed up to two on each side of the elemental symbol for a maximum of eight, which is the number of electrons in a filled s and p shell. We place a single electron on each side before pairing them up (this is related to Hund's rule). Period one represents an exception where only a maximum of two electrons are placed on one side of the element (why is this so?).

Electron dot structures for the first two periods - Number of valence electrons related to group number.

Covalent bonds - Sharing electrons, unlike ionic compounds where electrons are thought of being gained or lost.

Non-metals exhibit both covalent and ionic bonds

compounds with metals, non-metals generally gain en electron and become negatively charged

compounds with other non-metals, valence electrons are generally shared to achieve filled valence shell.

sharing electrons - covalent bonding - the sharing of electrons is the glue that binds atoms together.

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