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Plants have evolved different mechanisms to avoid or reduce photorespiration, such as C4 and CAM photosynthesis. In C4 plants, like corn and sugarcane, carbon dioxide is initially fixed into a 4-carbon compound in the mesophyll cells before entering the Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath cells, which helps minimize the effects of photorespiration. CAM plants, like succulents, open their stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide and store it as organic acids, which are then broken down during the day to release CO2 for photosynthesis, reducing water loss and photorespiration.

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