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In the 1800s, the geography of the Southern United States was characterized by a diverse landscape that included fertile plains, rolling hills, and extensive river systems, such as the Mississippi and Alabama Rivers. This geography facilitated agricultural production, particularly of cotton, which became the dominant cash crop due to the invention of the cotton gin. The region's warm climate and abundant rainfall supported plantation agriculture, driving the economy and shaping social structures, including the reliance on enslaved labor. Additionally, the South's rivers served as vital transportation routes for goods, linking rural plantations to urban markets.

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