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The long and short of measuring the electrical conductivity of elements involves little more than making a short piece of "wire" out of a given (pure) element and then applying a voltage and measuring the current. Take into account the external resistance, and the length, cross sectional area and temperature of the element and make some calculations. It's a little more involved with liquids, and tougher still with gaseous elements, but a conductor will "conduct" based on its composition, length, cross sectional area and temperature.

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