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As regards 3He and 4He, they both have the same charge, which will be the +2 derived from the two protons. But 3He has only the one neutron, while 4He has two neutrons, and is heavier. We can use their different masses and identical charges to differentiate them in a detector. If both particles are moving away from a collision event they'll move through our detector. We include a static (fixed) magnetic field with our detector, and that way the charged particles will have to move through it. The charges of the particles cause them to create tiny magnetic fields around their path of travel (as is true of all charged particles), and this magnetic field will interact with the fixed field of our detector. The interaction of the two fields, the fixed one and the one generated by a particle, will cause the particle to be deflected and to travel in a curve. See what's coming? Both 3He and 4He will be deflected and their path of travel will curve. Their charges are the same, so the same force will be acting on each one, but the heavier 4He will be deflected less than the 3He, and we'll be able to figure out which is which. The 3He will take a path with a tighter curve than the one carved out by the 4He. Positive charges will curve in the opposite direction as negative charges, naturally. Sorting things out in the detectors can be tricky, but this in an approach that is pretty standard.

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