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It's a hydrocarbon--hydro for hydrogen, carbon for...well, carbon.

If the molecule contains oxygen too, it's a carbohydrate--carbon with water attached. A single carbohydrate ring--a monosaccharide--always contains atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio--for every one atom of carbon, there are one of oxygen and two of hydrogen. Carbohydrates where there are multiple rings connected have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the 1:2:1 ratio would suggest--sucrose is C12H22O12, not C12H24O12. The two missing hydrogens are gone because there's got to be a bonding site for the second ring, and you get it by losing one hydrogen off each ring.

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