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Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are considered opposite processes because they involve the conversion of energy in opposite directions. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, using carbon dioxide and water as inputs, and releasing oxygen as a byproduct. In contrast, cellular respiration occurs in both plants and animals, breaking down glucose to release stored energy, using oxygen, and producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Essentially, photosynthesis captures energy, while cellular respiration releases it.

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