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= Topic 1 Lenses and Refracting Telescopes = In the exam you are expected to know about: * Principal focus, focal length of converging lens * power = 1/f * Formation of images by a converging lens * Ray diagrams * Lens formula: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v * Astronomical telescope consisting of two converging lenses * Ray diagram to show the image formation in normal adjustment * Angular magnification in normal adjustment * M = angle subtended by image at eyeangle subtended by object at unaided eye * Focal lengths of the lenses * M = fo/fe * *: Refractors were the earliest type of optical telescope. The first practical refracting telescopes appeared in the Netherlands in about 1608, and were credited to three individuals, Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, spectacle-makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar also known as Jacob Adriaanszoon. Galileo, happening to be in Venice in about the month of May 1609, heard of the invention and constructed a much improved version of his own based on his understanding of the effects of refraction. Galileo then communicated the details of his invention to the public, and presented the instrument itself to the Doge Leonardo Donato, sitting in full council. Galileo may thus claim to have invented the refracting telescope independently, but not until he had heard that others had done so

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