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Mercury ranges between 0.466 AU and .307 AU - from the Sun. Mars, on the other hand, ranges from 1.655 to 1.381 AU - also, as measured from the Sun. The Earth, of course, averages 1 AU from the Sun, that being the definition of an Astronomical Unit, but it ranges from 1.016 to .983 throughout the course of the year. That mean that Mars is, at its very closest possible approach, .365 AU from the Earth, and Mercury's closest possible approach is .517 AU. On the other hand, Mars could, on rare occasions, range as far as 2.671 AU from Earth, while Mercury never moves farther than 1.482 AU. In actuality, since all three planets are orbiting the sun at different rates, which of the two is closer to Earth at any given moment is a matter of circumstance.

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